37 ɪɚɛɨɬ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ Ɋ. ɋɬɚɣɬɫɚ24, Ȼ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶ25, Ʌ. ɗɞɦɨɧɞɫɨɧ26. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɷɦɚɧɫɢɩɚɰɢɸ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɋ. ɋɬɚɣɬɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (1855–1881 ɝɝ.) ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ, ɧɢɝɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɦɚɧɫɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɚ «ɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɤɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ»27. Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ Ɇ. ɒɟɮɮɟɪ Ʉɨɧɪɨɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XIX–XX ɜɜ. ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɟ28. ɂɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ Ɇ. ɒɟɮɮɟɪ Ʉɨɧɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɡɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XIX–XX ɜɜ. ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜ (ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ), ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ- 24 Stites R. The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia . Princeton, NJ, 1978. 25 Edmondson L.H. Feminism in Russia, 1900–1917. Stanford, 1984. 26 Engel B.A. Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in NineteenthCentury Russia. Cambridge, 1983. 27 ɋɬɚɣɬɫ Ɋ. ɀɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɦ, ɧɢɝɢɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦ, 1860–1930. Ɇ., 2004. ɋ. 238. 28 Schaeffer C.M. Women pharmacists in Russia before World War I: women's emancipation, feminism, professionalization, nationalism, and class conflict // Edmondson L. Women's emancipation and theories of sexual difference. Akron; Kent, Ohio, 1988.
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