35 ȼ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ» ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ, «ɮɟɦɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ» ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏ ɜ., ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɤɥɢɤɭɲɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɚɥ ɠɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ16. ɍɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ17. Ⱦɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ⱦɠ. Ɋɷɧɞɨɥɮɚ, ɧɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɵ18. ȼ 2000-ɟ ɝɝ. ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɥɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɤɨɪɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XVIII–XIX ɜɜ. ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ – ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɟ ɦɚɫɤɭɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɋ. Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɬɜɭ19. ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨ-ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ – ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɫɤɭɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɥɢɰɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ, ɧɨ, ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɛɟɡɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɋ. ɍɲɚɤɢɧɵɦ20. ɉɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɵɲɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ21. ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɝɟɧɞɟɪ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɜɹɡɚɜ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɭɡɟɥ – ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ-ɪɭɫɢɫɬɵ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏ ɜ., ɷɩɨɯɢ 16 ɋɦ., ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: Orthodox Russia: Belief and practice under the Tsars / ed. by Kivelson V., Greene D. University Park, 2003. 17 Women in Russian culture and society, 1700–1825 / ed. by Tosi A., Rosslyn W. N. Y., 2007. 18 Randolph J. The house in the garden: The Bakunin family and the romance of Russian idealism. Ithaca, 2007. 19 Friedman R. Masculinity, autocracy and the Russian university, 1804–1863. N. Y., 2005. 20 Russian masculinities in history and culture / ed. by Clements B.E. et al. N. Y., 2002. 21 ɋɦ., ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: Engel B.A. Women in Russia, 1700–2000. N. Y., 2004.
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