34 ɫɜɨɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ɍɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚɦɢ-ɪɭɫɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɡɚɧɹɜɲɟɣ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ ɜ 2000-ɟ ɝɝ. ȼ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɚɹ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɭɝɥɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɪɢɚɞɚ «ɝɟɧɞɟɪ, ɷɬɧɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɥɚɫɫ», ɫɬɚɥɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɥɟɝɤɨ «ɨɬɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ» ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ȼ 2000-ɟ ɝɝ. ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɯ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ «ɨɱɤɢ» ɢɥɢ «ɛɚɥɥɵ» ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɪɭɤɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ «ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ» ɢɥɢ «ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɚɹ» ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ, ɜɢɞɹɳɢɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɸ. ɂ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ», ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɚɹ ɜ 1990-ɟ ɝɝ., ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɫɫɧɵɟ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ȿ. ɒɭɥɶɦɚɧ ɨ «ɯɟɬɚɝɭɪɨɜɤɚɯ»ɢ Ⱦ. ɇɨɪɬɪɨɩɚ ɨ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɧɹɬɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɧɞɠɢ ɜ ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧɟ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (subaltern studies)15. 15 Shulman E. Stalinism on the frontier of empire: Women and the state formation on the Soviet Far East. N. Y., 2008; Northrop D. Veiled empire: gender and power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca, 2004.
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