25 ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥ – ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɯ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, – ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ». Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɤ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ 30–ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɨ-ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ – «Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ» (2002)2. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ-«ɤɥɸɱ» ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɠɟ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɜ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɧɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɡɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ: ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ «ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ» ɫɤɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɟ (ɝɞɟ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɯɨɠɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ). Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ «ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ» ɧɢ ɬɚɦ, ɧɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɨɫɶ. ȼ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɣ ɬɪɺɯɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ⱦɠ. Ɏɪɟɣ3, ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨ. ɉɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɥɚɫɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 1990-ɟ ɝɝ. ɜ ɋɒȺ ɫɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ɋ. Ɋɚɬɱɚɣɥɞ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ Ɇ. Ɂɢɪɢɧ4, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɢ, ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ɍɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɨɝɨ (30 ɬɵɫ. ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ) ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ 2 ɉɭɲɤɚɪɟɜɚ ɇ.Ʌ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɇ., 2002. 3 Frey J. and others (Eds.) Women in Western European History. V. 1–3. London, 1982. 4 Ruthchild R. Women in Russia and the Soviet Union: an annotated bibliografy. New York, 1993; Zirin M. Women, Gender and Family in the Soviet Union and Central / East Europe: Preliminary Bibliography. Altadena, 1997.
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