178 Ɉɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɤɭɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɤɚɡɚɱɟɤ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɬɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɯɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɚɫɤɭɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ-ɤɚɡɚɱɤɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɟɧɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ, ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɣɧ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ-ɤɚɡɚɱɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɥɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɭ-ɤɚɡɚɤɚ. Ƚ.Ⱥ. ɇɚɝɚɟɜɚ ɇɨɜɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤ, Ʉɭɛɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫ. ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɌɉɑɃȻɆɗɈɖɀ Ƀ ɅɎɆɗɍɎɋɈɖɀ ɃɈɃɑɃȻɍɃȽɖ ɁɀɈɔɃɈ ɒɀɋɈɉɇɉɋɗɚ Ƀ ɅɎȼȻɈɃ Ƚ ɅɉɈɑɀ XIX – ɈȻɒȻɆɀ ɐɐ ȽɀɅȻ ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɨ 2-ɣ ɩɨɥ. XIX – ɧɚɱ. ɏɏ ɜ. ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɤɨɧɰɚ XIX – ɧɚɱ. ɏɏ ɜ. ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɢɢ ɢ Ʉɭɛɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɘɝɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ. ɉɨɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɜɡɥɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ XIX ɜ. ȼ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚɥɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɢɢ ɢ Ʉɭɛɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɇɨɜɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1916 ɝ. ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ, Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ, Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɚ, Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɝɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɨɦ, Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɦ ɨɬ ɜɨɣɧɵ, Ƚɟɥɟɧɞɠɢɤɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɪ.).
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