109 əɦɚɣɤɟ. Ɇɚɪɤɭɫ Ƚɚɪɜɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ «ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɝɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ» (UNIA-ACL, 1914). Ʉɥɚɜɞɢɹ Ⱦɠɨɧɟɫ (1915–1964) ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɟ ɢ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ. ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ122. Ȼɭɱɢ ɗɦɟɱɟɬɚ – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰ ɡɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ʌɨɝɨɫɟ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɢɝɛɨ (1944), ɜ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɜɵɲɥɚ ɡɚɦɭɠ ɢ ɜ 1962 ɝ. ɭɟɯɚɥɚ ɤ ɦɭɠɭ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ, ɝɞɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɢɥɚ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. ɋɜɨɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɗɦɟɱɟɬɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ: ɚɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ «ɇɚ ɩɥɚɜɭ» («Head above water»)123, «Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɚ» («Second-Class Citizen»)124 ɢ ɞɪ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɭɸ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɬɨ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ XX ɜ. ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ, ɢ ɢɯ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɟ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɥɵɯ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ. Ƚ.ɂ. Ʌɸɛɢɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɊȺɇ ɉ ȽɉɂɇɉɁɈɉɌɍɚɐ ɁɀɈɌɅɉȾɉ ɃɈɍɀɆɆɀɅɍȻ. ɌɊɉɋ ɇɀɁȿɎ ɉ. ɅɉɈɍɉɇ Ƀ ȿɁ. Ɍ. ɇɃɆɆɀɇ Ƀ ɀȾɉ ɉɍɋȻɁɀɈɃɀ Ƚ ɉȼɔɀɌɍȽɀɈɈɉɄ ɇɖɌɆɃ ɊɉɋɀɏɉɋɇɀɈɈɉɄ ɋɉɌɌɃɃ (1860–1870 ȾɉȿɉȽ) Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɜɟɥɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɧɚ ɚɪɟɧɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɞɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɪɵ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɫ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɠɢɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɟɫɨɦɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ. ɋɚɦ «ɨɬɟɰ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ» Ɉ. Ʉɨɧɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɚɧɫɢɩɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɪɚɡɨɲɟɥɫɹ ɫ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɩɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢ- 122 Adi H., Sherwood M. Pan-African history. Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. L., 2003. P. 69–105. 123 Emecheta B. Head Above Water. L., 1986. 124 Emecheta B. Second-Class Citizen. L., 1974.
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